Wednesday, August 26, 2020

Comaparison of crisis in congo with bangladeshi textile

The recordings ‘crisis in Congo' and ‘fault lines' have an enormous likeness to Colonialism. The distinction being that it is considerably more circuitous and manipulative structure in which the exploiter not assumes the liability for misuse. This more astute and circuitous methodology not just causes them get away from when they are examined concerning their ethical duty yet in addition empowers them to proceed with these monstrosities while never being questioned.Walked characterizes Colonialism as †â€Å"Colonialism is the foundation, misuse, upkeep, obtaining, and development of provinces in a single region by individuals from another domain. It is a lot of inconsistent connections between the pilgrim power and the settlement and regularly between the pioneers and the indigenous populace. † It likewise says that expansionism existed from sixteenth century till mid twentieth century. What It really implies Is that from sixteenth till mid twentieth century i mperialism existed In an immediate and detectable form.In that sense, the abuse was straightforward as the exploiter legitimately went to another domains and bore the obligation regarding misuse. Likewise there was a reasonable line between the exploiter and misused. In any case, after the clamor for the sake of majority rules system and human rights everywhere throughout the world and exceptionally in the western nations, the expansionism turned out in a substantially more advanced and disguised way. Because of created exchange channels and the simplicity of transport and correspondence the abuse Is currently completed by capital hungry Mans or entrepreneur powers and not only by countries.It Is additionally not about the obtaining of land however direct securing of assets without setting a foot in these asset rich grounds. One more contrast which is exceptionally unpretentious in nature is that the line between the exploiter and abused is obscured . This is a result of the backhan ded idea of this abuse model that destitute individuals as well as even governments are fooled Into imagining that these exchange rehearses or alleged ‘help' from outside will give the genuinely necessary business and improvement In these immature countries wherein these practices are Just camouflaged misuse model.So by not understanding these uncalled for progression of Mans and created countries ,the local government additionally turns into their unruly accomplice. The video ‘Crisis in Congou is about the misuse of an entire country by a large group of exploiter Rwanda, Uganda, US Government and the degenerate despots. The underlying foundations of this misuse are in Rwanda decimation which Is basically about ethnic contrasts between the ‘Hut' and â€Å"Tutsis' kin yet the abuse Itself has nothing to do with these distinctions. Strikingly the division of these two ethnic gatherings was made political during the frontier rule of Germany.This sparkle of division l ater swelled into a full scale common war between these two gatherings in Rwanda. Some Hut men who fled to Congo during the Civil wars became ‘Genocidal Militant' and hen the Congolese individuals looked for asylum In Rwanda they stirred up with the exile populace and completed psychological militant exercises against Rwanda which In their Patriotic Front or RPR government to dispatch a Revenge assault on Congo displaced people where million of people groups were slaughtered Just in light of the fact that the Rwanda government looked for barely any aggressors covered up in these guiltless population.Now begins an entire story of misuse of Congo. Congo is an asset rich land and every one of these assets are in overwhelming interest across different present day enterprises. In the event that there were to be a completely utilitarian government in Congo the entrepreneur powers in the created countries will eave much trouble getting to these assets so the United States introduced a progression of despots which were anything but difficult to control instead of an entire government and along these lines fixed their inclinations. Different governments, for example, UK and France assumed a comparable job yet from an alternate side.They ensured that there is sufficient flexibly of arms and ammo to these battling powers with the goal that Congas political precariousness and their benefits are guaranteed. The local Congolese who were incredible never considered their own kin and decided to help a war which could have effectively passed on without these impetuses. Be that as it may, soon these entrepreneur powers understood that the military war is exorbitant to continue so to additionally build their net revenue they utilized a significantly more deplorable and lower level of fighting which is presently known as ‘Rape War'.They would openly assault ladies inferno of their men and networks. They actualized this physiological fighting deliberately and methodica llly over the grounds. Since the men couldn't spare their ladies, a profound sentiment of vulnerability and shortcoming crawled inside the individuals which made them all the more simple to control. Presently these individuals would not consider human rights since they no metal felt human. Result was that there was nobody to oppose the industrialist powers when they are topping off their pockets with the resources.The second video ‘Fault lines' is about Mans like Walter abusing the human asset of immature countries. They are likewise utilizing a comparable abuse plot in which their immediate responsibility to misuse can not be followed. They have made their flexibly tie so intricate that to an inaccessible spectator it appears as though Walter garments are originating from dainty air. The truth is they are attempting to shroud their out of line exchange rehearses through obscurity.In the mask of a socially and ethically capable association they are doing most exceedingly awful exchange practices, for example, youngster work, perilously lacking workplace, nonattendance of specialist's privileges and no responsibility at all towards any setback during creation. So as to expand their overall revenue they are empowering an idea called sub-contracting in which an immediate provider who can't satisfy his agreement will pass a bit of work to some other temporary worker. These sub-contractual worker have little unregulated regions which they obliviously call processing plants' which truly is Just a shack in somebody's backyard.In instance of any mishap, for example, fire mishap these spots demonstration progressively like inhumane imprisonment wherein individuals effectively get slaughtered incapable to get out. The accompanying table delineates an examination of the two recordings in plain configuration †Categories Video 1 - Crisis in Congo Video 2 - Fault lines Exploiter powers and Dictators Mans like Walter, Old Navy and so forth Mass Congolese populace Bangladesh laborers in material industry Country of Exploitation Democratic Republic of Congo Bangladesh Exploited for(resources) Mineral, for example, gold, jewel, tin, copper, cobalt, tungsten and so on Cheap Human Resource MethodCataloging military fighting and assault war through political methods and in any case Irresponsible exchange rehearses - Employing a 5-6 layer wide flexibly chain underway Disguise utilized Developed countries and UN going about as altruistic go betweens were real culprits Walter acting like moral and socially dependable association was executing unreasonable exchange rehearses in a roundabout way Catalytic specialists Local political elites, tyrants and destructive aggressors first level provider and free guidelines by Bangladesh government Benefits to exploiter Sustained war means political insecurity which implies boundless abundance toCongolese assets for outcasts with zero responsibility towards nearby individuals A long gracefully chain implies no responsibility towards any laborer as there is no immediate association Results Beastly everyday environments to individuals of Congo , debilitating of soul of individuals because of assault war and physiological fighting, spiked increment in HIVE constructive populace, a huge number of individuals dead Dangerously lacking working conditions, insufficient remuneration to laborers, zero responsibility towards laborers enduring mishaps, kid work, passing of laborers, money related challenges to casualty's family

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Survival of the Fittest vs. Natural Selection

Natural selection versus Regular Selection At the point when Charles Darwin was thinking of the Theory of Evolution, he needed to discover a component that drove advancement. Numerous different researchers, for example, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, had just depicted the adjustment in species after some time, yet they didnt offer clarifications with regards to how it happened. Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace freely thought of the possibility of normal determination to fill that void. Characteristic Selection versus Natural selection Characteristic determination is the possibility that species that secure adjustments ideal for their condition will pass those adjustments to their posterity. In the long run, just people with those positive adjustments will endure, which is the means by which the species changes after some time or advances through speciation. During the 1800s, after Darwin originally distributed his book On the Origin of Species, British market analyst Herbert Spencer utilized the term natural selection corresponding to Darwins thought of common choice as he contrasted Darwins hypothesis with a monetary standard in one of his books. This understanding of characteristic determination got on, and Darwin utilized the expression in a later release of On the Origin of Species. Darwin utilized the term as it was implied with respect to common choice. These days, notwithstanding, the term is frequently misjudged when utilized instead of common determination. Open Misconception of Fittest Individuals from the general population may have the option to portray characteristic choice as natural selection. Squeezed for additional clarification of the term, in any case, most answer inaccurately. Somebody curious about what regular determination truly is may interpret fittest as meaning the best physical example of the species and that just those in the best shape and best wellbeing will get by in nature. That isnt consistently the case. People that endure arent consistently the most grounded, quickest, or sharpest. By that definition, at that point, natural selection probably won't be the most ideal approach to depict common determination as it applies to advancement. Darwin didnt mean it in those terms when he utilized it in his republished book. He planned fittest to mean the individuals from the species most appropriate for the prompt condition, the premise of the possibility of regular determination. Ideal and Unfavorable Traitsâ Since an individual needs the most ideal qualities to make due in the earth, it follows that people with ideal adjustments will live long enough to pass their qualities to their posterity. Those without the good characteristics the unfit-in all likelihood wont live long enough to go down their horrible attributes, and in the long run, those qualities will be reared out of the populace. The negative qualities may take numerous ages to decrease in numbers and longer to vanish from the genetic supply. This is obvious in people with the qualities of deadly ailments; their qualities are still in the genetic stock despite the fact that conditions are negative for their endurance. Curing the Misunderstanding Since this thought is stuck in our vocabulary, there isnt much that should be possible to help other people comprehend the real importance of the expression past clarifying the proposed meaning of the word fittest and the setting in which it was said. An option could be to abstain from utilizing the expression inside and out while talking about the Theory of Evolution or regular determination. Its worthy for an individual to utilize the term natural selection in the event that the person comprehends the logical definition. Be that as it may, easygoing utilization of the expression by somebody without information on common determination can be deluding. Understudies who are first finding out about development and characteristic choice ought to abstain from utilizing the term until they have a more profound information regarding the matter.

Friday, August 21, 2020

Blogger Application 2010

Blogger Application 2010 Its summer in Cambridge, which means three things: 1) Its hot. And I do mean very warm. My bike has been sitting out with one handlebar in the sun for the last two days, and when I got on it to ride to work this morning the grip literally melted to my bike gloves. 2) Vacations. Since we dont get much free time during the winter (or fall, or spring), admissions officers, like calendrically confused squirrels, cache their time-off for the summer months. I just got back from Alaska. More on that (with pictures!) in the next week or so. and last, but definitely not least, 3) Blogger Application 2010 All current MIT undergraduates are welcome to apply. As per usual, we will primarily be looking for incoming freshman; however, we have a few upperclassmen spots that are open for the fall, and if you feel you can make a compelling case for your inclusion among them, please feel free to send an application. Our bloggers must: Update their blogs no less than twice per month, and Possess the excellent judgment, narrative poise, and communicative capacity to routinely and regularly address tens of thousands of prospective MIT students and millions of other people around the world, and Be comfortable with, or willing to learn, basic blogging skills, including as simple HTML text formatting (bold and italic tags, etc) and including multimedia like videos and images into your posts to make them interesting. To be considered for a blogger position, you must email me (chris dot peterson at mit dot edu) by August 1st. Your application must include the following: Blogging/Writing Experience This is your portfolio, and is the single most important part of the application. We are looking for people who can communicate in a compelling fashion to our large and active community, and your portfolio will demonstrate your (in)ability to do this. We would prefer it to be a blog. We are not particularly picky about the definition of a blog. Broadly speaking, we are looking for regularly updated writings of around 800-1200 words on the Internet. We have found that students who are already accustomed to keeping a blog make the transition to blogging for MITAdmissions more easily than do those for whom the experience is entirely foreign. If you do not presently keep a blog, you now have 3.5 weeks to create and maintain one (which may also teach you whether or not you really enjoy blogging). However, a blog is not required. Prior experience in the medium is less important than your ability to master it. You may have other experiences that demonstrate your capacity to communicate: forum posts, a weekly editorial in the high school or town newspaper, etc. You may send these to us, either as a supplement to your blogging portfolio or as your portfolio itself. Again, the most important thing is that you convince us you will tell compelling stories that will keep people coming back to the blog. If you do have a current blog, please send a link to it. If your blog is locked/protected, please also include a way for the committee to read the entries youd like us to see. (You dont need to clean it up we will understand that a very public, unlocked site would contain different writing than a locked, personal journal) If you do not have a blog, a) send us links to your other online writings (forum posts, etc) or b) email us copies of writing samples, along with some sort of verification for how frequently you wrote and for what audience. Biography Tell us your major or (for freshman) possible majors. Tell us what activities you are presently or hope to become involved with at MIT. The dormitory or FSILG you presently or hope to live with. Quick-Answer (30 words or less) YouTube Video of the Now (link) Little Known Fact About You Little Known Fact About Anything You Care to Share Short-Answer (250 words or less each) Describe why you want to be an admissions blogger and what unique things you feel youll contribute to the program. You may (and should) discuss the life experiences or aspirations that will contribute to your interesting perspective, as well as any other creative skills that you can bring to bear to make your posts compelling for our readers. Choose one of the following: Team Edward or Team Jacob and why? You awake one morning to find the zombie apocalypse hath begun. You are in your house, the car is at the shop, and you dont have any firearms. What next? How would you decorate your scraper bike? If you have any questions, feel free to comment below.

Blogger Application 2010

Blogger Application 2010 Its summer in Cambridge, which means three things: 1) Its hot. And I do mean very warm. My bike has been sitting out with one handlebar in the sun for the last two days, and when I got on it to ride to work this morning the grip literally melted to my bike gloves. 2) Vacations. Since we dont get much free time during the winter (or fall, or spring), admissions officers, like calendrically confused squirrels, cache their time-off for the summer months. I just got back from Alaska. More on that (with pictures!) in the next week or so. and last, but definitely not least, 3) Blogger Application 2010 All current MIT undergraduates are welcome to apply. As per usual, we will primarily be looking for incoming freshman; however, we have a few upperclassmen spots that are open for the fall, and if you feel you can make a compelling case for your inclusion among them, please feel free to send an application. Our bloggers must: Update their blogs no less than twice per month, and Possess the excellent judgment, narrative poise, and communicative capacity to routinely and regularly address tens of thousands of prospective MIT students and millions of other people around the world, and Be comfortable with, or willing to learn, basic blogging skills, including as simple HTML text formatting (bold and italic tags, etc) and including multimedia like videos and images into your posts to make them interesting. To be considered for a blogger position, you must email me (chris dot peterson at mit dot edu) by August 1st. Your application must include the following: Blogging/Writing Experience This is your portfolio, and is the single most important part of the application. We are looking for people who can communicate in a compelling fashion to our large and active community, and your portfolio will demonstrate your (in)ability to do this. We would prefer it to be a blog. We are not particularly picky about the definition of a blog. Broadly speaking, we are looking for regularly updated writings of around 800-1200 words on the Internet. We have found that students who are already accustomed to keeping a blog make the transition to blogging for MITAdmissions more easily than do those for whom the experience is entirely foreign. If you do not presently keep a blog, you now have 3.5 weeks to create and maintain one (which may also teach you whether or not you really enjoy blogging). However, a blog is not required. Prior experience in the medium is less important than your ability to master it. You may have other experiences that demonstrate your capacity to communicate: forum posts, a weekly editorial in the high school or town newspaper, etc. You may send these to us, either as a supplement to your blogging portfolio or as your portfolio itself. Again, the most important thing is that you convince us you will tell compelling stories that will keep people coming back to the blog. If you do have a current blog, please send a link to it. If your blog is locked/protected, please also include a way for the committee to read the entries youd like us to see. (You dont need to clean it up we will understand that a very public, unlocked site would contain different writing than a locked, personal journal) If you do not have a blog, a) send us links to your other online writings (forum posts, etc) or b) email us copies of writing samples, along with some sort of verification for how frequently you wrote and for what audience. Biography Tell us your major or (for freshman) possible majors. Tell us what activities you are presently or hope to become involved with at MIT. The dormitory or FSILG you presently or hope to live with. Quick-Answer (30 words or less) YouTube Video of the Now (link) Little Known Fact About You Little Known Fact About Anything You Care to Share Short-Answer (250 words or less each) Describe why you want to be an admissions blogger and what unique things you feel youll contribute to the program. You may (and should) discuss the life experiences or aspirations that will contribute to your interesting perspective, as well as any other creative skills that you can bring to bear to make your posts compelling for our readers. Choose one of the following: Team Edward or Team Jacob and why? You awake one morning to find the zombie apocalypse hath begun. You are in your house, the car is at the shop, and you dont have any firearms. What next? How would you decorate your scraper bike? If you have any questions, feel free to comment below.

Sunday, May 24, 2020

The Environmental Crisis Of Kenya And The United Nations...

The environmental crisis is the biggest crisis of our time, climate change, scarcity of fresh water and bio diversity loss are just a few of the problems caused by the environmental crisis. National and international organizations try combat the dire effects of the environmental crisis like The Green Belt Movement in Kenya and The United Nations framework on Environmental Change, they create initiatives like sustainable development but they have not succeeded. My essay will introduce my interpretation of the environmental crisis, then follow with the relationship between poverty and affluence discussed by scholars Deborah Sik in, Environment and Development and Maggie Black in, Enter â€Å"Sustainability† and propose, Deborah Sik’s insights on property rights and participatory approaches offer the best explanation for the environmental crisis but Maggie Black’s Resource Based Management for small communities gives better long lasting solutions for the environment al crisis. My interpretation of environmental crisis and why it has grown exponentially. The environmental crisis is the most exigent matter of our time. This is evident by environmental changes today, for example in Enter Sustainability, Maggie Black discusses the probability for water wars due to over extraction and consumption of water (Black). This claim is corroborated by an article by The Smithsonian suggesting that shrink water aquifers captured by NASA are partly to blame for the war inShow MoreRelatedClimate Change Challenges986 Words   |  4 PagesA strong argument among scientists exists that anthropogenic climate change is the greatest contemporary global threat to sustainable development in the 21st Century, and that, the risks associated with climate change will become more severe affecting all aspects of human livelihoods (IPPCC 2014, FAO 2013, Shiferaw et al 2014, UN 2015. The ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1992 and signi ng of the Kyoto Protocol in 1997 signified the importance ofRead MoreThe United Nations Environment Assembly1325 Words   |  6 PagesDelegation from Represented by The United States of America The Hudson River Group Position Paper for the United Nations Environment Assembly The topics before the United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) are: Combating Illegal Trade in Wildlife; Implementation of the Paris Agreement; and Sustainable Use of the Oceans, Seas, and Marine Resources. The United States of America advocates for responsible stewardship of the environment and will prioritize the protectionRead MoreSocial Change Term Paper2603 Words   |  11 PagesSchool of Continuing and Distance education, Department of Extra-Mural Studies. Evening programme- Nairobi Campus TERM PAPER: Based on experiences from Kenya and elsewhere, discuss why taking development to the people is a fallacy. 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Thursday, May 14, 2020

Fear And Distrust Two Major Vices Essay - 2106 Words

Fear and Distrust: Two Major Vices in Frankenstein Many readers keep returning to Frankenstein, a science fiction by Mary Shelley, â€Å"to find ways of imaging their deepest fears,† yet I believe, on a bigger proportion, the book also illustrates the deep distrust among human beings, represented by their presumptions about others’ evil characters which are not true (Cantor 231). Admittedly, these two qualities, fear and distrust, often exist together, because fear always produces distrust, presumptions, and thus hatred, but I will discuss them separately. As a result of the two vices, Frankenstein tells Walton a false moral on the former one’s death bed, Avoid ambition, even if it be only the apparently innocent one of distinguishing yourself in science and discoveries. Yet why do I say this? I have myself been blasted in these hopes, yet another may succeed. (Shelley 224) Frankenstein asserts this moral because he himself cannot succeed but has paid a heavy price for his ambition; however, his experience is not any evidence or proof for others’ failures. In this essay, I shall point out the two deadly vices that cause Frankenstein and his family’s final destruction— I shall do this by offering examples, illustrating that we should criticize human fears and condemn our presumptions about others’ characters, which are the real â€Å"monsters† in this novel— without these two evil qualities, success of ambitions may become possible. In the end, I shall also form a comparison betweenShow MoreRelatedEssay about The First World War (WWI)978 Words   |  4 Pagesfirst reason for the eruption of World War I was militarism. Militarism is the act of building up armies for threats against other countries – taking over new territory – and protection from other countries who decide to invade. 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Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence And...

Introduction In a study by Mandell and Pherwani (2003), the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI) and transformational leadership style was examined in order to determine whether EI scores could be used to predict transformational leadership style. In addition, gender differences in the relationship between EI and transformational leadership were examined to determine if there is a significant interaction of gender and emotional intelligence. This research is important, because transformational leadership has been found to be the most effective style of leadership. Therefore, if EI can predict transformational leadership style, it would be useful for organizations to use EI measures in their selection battery for managerial positions and in development of current managers. In the study, transformational leadership was defined as a leadership style that encourages subordinates to look at their work from different viewpoints, motivates employees to promote the organization’s missi on, and develops employee abilities. Emotional intelligence was defined as an ability that involves self-monitoring of one’s own feelings and emotions, as well as, monitoring the emotions of others in order to guide one’s behaviors and make decisions. Consistent with the previous research, Mandell and Pherwani (2003) found that EI scores do significantly predict transformational leadership style. However, they found no significant relationship between gender and EI while predictingShow MoreRelatedLeadership Style And Emotional Intelligence1734 Words   |  7 PagesLeadership Style and Emotional Intelligence Many organizations and groups are established each day, but only a few realize their dreams. Although many factors are responsible for the differences in success and failure of organizations, leadership is a prime factor. Leaders play a significant role in determining the success or failure of an organization. Management studies have attempted to understand leadership including defining the skills that a leader requires to become successful. EmotionalRead MoreTransformational Leadership And The Employee Creativity1125 Words   |  5 PagesDhan (2015) conducted a quantitative study to examine the role of transformational leadership in predicting employee creativity. The inquiry prompted the study, â€Å"What is the role of transformational leadership in predicting employee creativity?† Data collection was done using survey questionnaires, using 372 respondents. Measurements entailed a short version of the MLQ to assess employee’s perceptions of transformational le adership. 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Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Lord Of The Flies Vs Alive Essay free essay sample

, Research Paper Lord of the Fliess and Alive! In life we are all faced with state of affairss cheapnesss may be hard to cover with, but for most of us, seeking to last in hostile conditions is non one of them. In the novel The Lord of the Flies and in the film Alive! , seeking to last in hostile conditions was a similar job that the characters had to confront in order to last. We will write a custom essay sample on Lord Of The Flies Vs Alive Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The two scene, characters, and subject of these two plants have many similarities and many differences that cause these characters to respond otherwise towards each other and towards their state of affairs. What the characters did and how they reacted to one another throughout their ordeal proved this. The scene is a major issue that played an of import axial rotation in both of the literary plants. The scene is what helped organize the attitudes of some of the characters, and it was a guideline in what the characters had to make in order to last. In The Lord of the Flies the male childs were stranded in Eden with everything that they needed to last. They were able to play all twenty-four hours all twenty-four hours and non worry about how they were traveling to last, what they were traveling to eat, or even if they were traveling to be rescued. When the male childs lost sight of deliverance the society that had been created crumbled and accordingly they lost the common end that kept the male childs civilized and together. This was a black event because they lost hope and without hope, they became barbarian like. In the movie Alive! the male childs were all stranded in the Andes Mountains and they had to work together in order to last. Through the snowstorms, deficiency of nutrient and the decease of their fellow teammates the male childs banded together with the common end of deliverance and endurance. There was no nutrient so the characters had to fall back to cannibalism in order to last. In our society that is the lowest signifier of savageness, nevertheless the demand for endurance is what drove these male childs to make such unmentionable act. Through the difficult times the male childs worked together, and get the better of the adversities, or died. The rough conditions were what kept the male childs together and in bend kept them alive. The scene of these two plants was similar in the fact that they were stranded with no manner of being rescued on their ain. However, through the characters actions the scene besides set boundaries and limitations on what the male child could and could non make. In some ways, the two narratives had really similar characters. Nando and Jack had many similar features, such as their sense of escapade. They both had a manner of deriving power. At the beginning of the film Alive! Antonio, the rugger # 8217 ; s squad captain, had power over the group because of his leading back at place, in the same manner Ralph was voted head because he was the first one to happen the conch. Nando gained power by maintaining the of hope of acquiring out of the state of affairs that they were in by themselves, hence diminishing fright among the work forces and presenting the thought of cannibalism. Jack was besides concerned with nutrient and throughout the hunting, he gained more power. This besides helped to quiet the boy’s frights. They could kill hogs Jack told the male childs that he could protect them from any beastie that tried to assail them every bit long as he was in charge. These characters reacted in much of the same manner to their state of affairss, and through their actions they related to one another. In both narratives, the subject was the same, get the better ofing adversities in order to last and endurance of the fittest. In The Lord of the Flies, many adversities had to be overcome for the male childs to last. They were immature with no grownups on the island, they had no shelter from the heat, or from the rain and nutrient was at that place but meat was scarce. They overcame the deficiency of grownups through electing leaders and handling them, as they would handle an grownup. They built shelters and set together a runing party to acquire meat. They overcame these obstructions and throughout this, they were able to last and finally be rescued. In the movie Alive! the characters besides had to get the better of some of the same obstructions. They had to hold shelter, maintain warm, and acquire nutrient. They used what was left of the plane as shelter, and huddled together and found all the jumpers to maintain warm and they did the unmentionable act of eating each other to rema in alive. That is genuinely fall backing to whatever it takes to last. Both narratives besides show the subject of endurance of the fittest. In The Lord of the Flies those who were considered weak by Jack were either beaten or killed. So you had to be strong in order to last. In Alive! if you were non strong you would decease from the rough conditions or from hurt that took topographic point upon the clang. Those are the two chief subjects of these narratives. In both plants, the characters faced endurance. In The Lord of the Flies, endurance meant populating with Jack, and his huntsmans, in a really hostile environment. In Alive! the conditions, clime and nutrient were the chief issues that the characters had to cover with on the mountain. Both narratives show and prove that the strongest will last all odds. The Lord of the Fliess and Alive! have many similarities. They are both based on endurance. They show that in order to make your end, which in this instance was deliverance, you had to hold the will, and the chief characters in both of these narratives did hold the will to last. This was proven through the characters actions and how they reacted to one another in their state of affairs. 33c

Sunday, April 5, 2020

Keydy Vasquez Cerrato Essays (483 words) - , Term Papers

Keydy Vasquez Cerrato Mr. Parker U.S History January 23, 2017 World War 1 DBQ Essay "Our motive will not be revenge or the victorious assertion of the physical might of the nation, but only the vindication of right, of which we are only a single champion." (Wilson) the First World War was one of the most destructive and deadliest wars of all time. Several countries participated in the war. When the se major European nations went to war in 1914, the majority of Americans wanted nothing to do with the raging war. In April 2, 1917, Woodrow Wilson asked Congress for a decla ration of war to make the world "safe for democracy." However, there is sti ll heated and debated argument going on: Could America's involvement in World War One been avoided by Wilson? There are several reasons why President Wilson could not avoid getting America involve in WW1. The Germans attacked boats holding Americans civilians. America was threatened by German and the allies would have lost. For the first few years of WW1, America made sure to stay out of the way. However when the German's attacked and destroyed the Lusitania and other ships, carrying American civilian . Many were in an uproar about the deaths and knew something had to be done to stop the Germans. The German promised that they would not sink unarmed passenger ships without warning, however, twice they promised, and didn't keep it. Americans thought that if these killings were to continue, then the US would have to intervene. In January of 1917, Germany was suffering from supply shortages do to blo ckades taking action. Germany had their foreign Minister Arthur Zimmerman send a telegram to Mexico, stating that if the U.S. declared war on Germany, that Mexico should do the same to the U.S. the tele gram was intercepted and given to American authorities. Although most leaders believed that Mexico would go to war, Americans were shocked with the publication of the telegram and wanted to enter the war. When the war broke out in the summer of 1914, it was like any other war. However when Germany started its campaign of unrestricted submarine warfare, it was clear that Germany and its allies pleaded for help from America. Without America sending in fresh troops and military supplies to the French and The British, The Allies would more than likely have fallen and be under the control of Germany. In conclusion, American involvement in World War 1 couldn't have been avoided by President Wilson. All these event lead to America being involved in the World War. The Lusitania, the Zimmerman Note and the Allies all happened, and no matter how hard America tried to not get involved, it eventually happened and they just got caught in the heat of the moment.

Sunday, March 8, 2020

Definition and Examples of Language Change

Definition and Examples of Language Change Language change is the phenomenon by which permanent alterations are made in the features and the use of a language over time. All natural languages change, and language change affects all areas of language use. Types of language change include sound changes, lexical changes, semantic changes, and syntactic changes. The branch of linguistics that is expressly concerned with changes in a language (or in languages) over time is historical linguistics (also known as diachronic linguistics). Examples and Observations For centuries people have speculated about the causes of language change. The problem is not one of thinking up possible causes, but of deciding which to take seriously...Even when we have eliminated the lunatic fringe theories, we are left with an enormous number of possible causes to take into consideration. Part of the problem is that there are several different causative factors at work, not only in language as a whole but also in any one change...We can begin by dividing proposed causes of change into two broad categories. On the one hand, there are external sociolinguistic factors - that is, social factors outside the language system. On the other hand, there are internal psycholinguistic ones - that is, linguistic and psychological factors which reside in the structure of the language and the minds of the speakers.(Jean Aitchison, Language Change: Progress or Decay? 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2001)Words on the Way OutAmidst and amongst are all rather formal, almost affected, now, and are more usually encountered in high-brow writing, less usually in speech. This suggests that these forms are on the way out. They will probably bite the dust, just as betwixt and erst have done...(Kate Burridge, Gift of the Gob: Morsels of English Language History. HarperCollins Australia, 2011) Anthropological Perspective on Language ChangeThere are many factors influencing the rate at which language changes, including the attitudes of the speakers toward borrowing and change. When most members of a speech community value novelty, for example, their language will change more quickly. When most members of a speech community value stability, then their language will change more slowly. When a particular pronunciation or word or grammatical form or turn of phrase is regarded as more desirable, or marks its users as more important or powerful, then it will be adopted and imitated more rapidly than otherwise...The important thing to remember about change is that, as long as people are using a language, that language will undergo some change.(Harriet Joseph Ottenheimer, The Anthropology of Language: An Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology, 2nd ed. Wadsworth, 2009)AÂ  Prescriptivist Perspective on Language ChangeI see no absolute Necessity why any Language would be perpetually changing.(Jonathan Swift, Proposal for Correcting, Improving, and Ascertaining the English Tongue, 1712) Sporadic and Systematic Changes in LanguageChanges in language may be systematic or sporadic. The addition of a vocabulary item to name a new product, for example, is a sporadic change that has little impact on the rest of the lexicon. Even some phonological changes are sporadic. For instance, many speakers of English pronounce the word catch to rhyme with wretch rather than hatch...Systematic changes, as the term suggests, affect an entire system or subsystem of the language... A conditioned systematic change is brought about by context or environment, whether linguistic or extralinguistic. For many speakers of English, the short e vowel (as in bet) has, in some words, been replaced by a short i vowel (as in bit), For these speakers, pin and pen, him and hem are homophones (words pronounced the same). This change is conditioned because it occurs only in the context of a following m or n; pig and peg, hill and hell, middle and meddle are not pronounced alike for these speakers.(C.M. Millward, A Biography of the English Language, 2nd ed. Harcourt Brace, 1996) The Wave Model of Language Change[T]he distribution of regional language features may be viewed as the result of language change through geographical space over time. A change is initiated at one locale at a given point in time and spreads outward from that point in progressive stages so that earlier changes reach the outlying areas later. This model of language change is referred to as the wave model ...(Walt Wolfram and Natalie Schilling-Estes, American English: Dialects and Variation. Blackwell, 1998)Geoffrey Chaucer on Changes in the Forme of SpeecheYe knowe ek that in forme of speeche is chaungeWithinne a thousand yeer, and wordes thoThat hadden pris, now wonder nyce and straungeUs thinketh hem, and yet thei spake hem so,And spedde as wel in love as men now do;Ek for to wynnen love in sondry ages,In sondry londes, sondry ben usages.[You know also that in (the) form of speech (there) is changeWithin a thousand years, and words thenThat had value, now wonderfully curious and stran ge(To) us they seem, and yet they spoke them so,And succeeded as well in love as men now do;Also to win love in sundry ages,In sundry lands, (there) are many usages.](Geoffrey Chaucer, Troilus and Criseyde, late 14th century. Translation by Roger Lass in Phonology and Morphology. A History of the English Language, edited by Richard M. Hogg and David Denison. Cambridge University Press, 2008)

Friday, February 21, 2020

Barrack Obama's Presidential Campaign in 2008 and Web 2.0 Essay

Barrack Obama's Presidential Campaign in 2008 and Web 2.0 - Essay Example The concept Politics 2.0 can be identified as the ideology that social networking and e-participation technologies can be used for modernising the public in seeking, reacting, and influencing political campaigns. As Daniel Nations points out, clearly understanding the communication techniques is the centre of a politician’s arsenal, whereas anticipating the future communication techniques can be the furtive sword for them to win the battle; and â€Å"for Franklin D. Roosevelt, it was radio, for John F. Kennedy, it was television, and for Barack Obama, it was social media† (about.com, n.d.). Politics  2.0 Today the society is highly fused with the network of computers and it has further changed the way one interacts with the Internet. In other words, the time people spent on Internet has significantly changed, and instead of gathering information dumped to them, they reach out to the rest of the world to listen what others have to say on any subject. In the opinion of Kreiss and Howard (2010), Obama has changed the face of politics in America, and as he used Web 2.0 in his presidential campaign, he gave the American people a voice in politics (1032-35). The ideology of politics 2.0 was first used during the political operatives of 2004 US presidential elections, when the enthusiasts of the Draft Clark campaign and of Vermont Governor Howard Dean made use of it. The most recent intervention of the politics 2.0 was seen during the trials of Obama’s campaign. Before launching his campaign, Barack Obama had a firm view that a fundamental understanding of communication had always been the prime tool of a successful politician’s arsenal and having a clear idea on the future of communication is the secret weapon that fights the battle (FC Barcelona). Obama's own social network had turned out to stage a protest of his attitude on a federal wiretapping bill, proving that social networking can cut both ways. Obama was able to shift the campai gn from the classical methods into the digital age by exploiting the advantages of Web 2.0, utilising it as the prime podium of his presidential campaign. He was efficient in turning the Web 2.0 into a major force behind his campaign, diversifying it through YouTube, blogging, and Social networking. Barack Obama and the ‘New Media’ The official website The official website, BarakObama.com was designed efficiently that any user could navigate through the site easily. The presentation and the layout of the website were surprisingly eye-catching with lots of information and continuous updates, which included links to articles, videos and gallery of Barak Obama (BarakObama.com). Moreover, the website did not remain just as a presentation, instead it was a multifaceted platform where the viewers could make calls in supporting Obama, volunteer programmes, or donate to the fundraising events. In the same way, the ‘My.BarakObama.Com’ section of the website enhanced a special platform for the youngsters who are already on the social sites, allowing them to create their own blogs or groups within the website with access to photos and videos. Social Media Social media can be considered as the living environment or necessary tool for the youth, where a lot of marketing strategies seem working. From the records (Guido, 2011), the social media network created by the campaign team contained about 3,500,000 friends for Obama, besides having the huge online subscriptions on

Wednesday, February 5, 2020

Sheesha smoking Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Sheesha smoking - Dissertation Example It also makes an attempt to reveal the factors that work behind Shisha smoking and encourage this within the society. Also the paper vouches for legal regulation towards Shisha smoking and tries to increase the awareness level of the common people regarding the same. Introduction There is a universal consensus on the dangers posed by tobacco in cigarette. It has been established by many studies that cigarette smoking is indeed injurious to health. Cigarette smoking has been directly linked to many cases of lung cancer. Studies have shown cancerous diseases such as lung cancer is strongly linked to smoking cigarettes and causes around 87% of death worldwide, (Parkin et al 2005). Therefore, it is not wrong to assume smoking tobacco related diseases have reached an epidemic scale. The scale and the problems associated with smoking have always been noted in epidemiological research (Siegel, 2007). However, the social phenomenon of its severity has recently been highlighted due to several reasons, mainly due to increase in mortality rates. Unfortunately, not all forms of tobacco smoking have been subjected to the same regulations (policies) and health campaigns as cigarette smoking. Unlike cigarette smokers, Shisha smokers are unaware of the ill effects of smoking Shisha. ... The frequent instances of minors below 18 years indulging in Shisha smoking might be a reflection of this lack in awareness. (Barton, Chassin and Sherman, 1982) Furthermore smoking cigarettes outweighs the other forms of smoking by quite a large margin, that has also resulted in less concern and awareness towards other forms of smoking such as Shisha.(Chaaya,2004) According to the World Health Organization the health risk associated with Shisha smoking is even worse than that of cigarette, yet it is not adequately highlighted (WHO, 2005). This lack of acknowledgement from the authorities regarding the health hazard Shisha poses makes the case even worse. Till date there are no health warnings or regulations on Shisha, even though it presents dangerous implications. Lack of regulations or warning reinstate the false idea Shisha smokers have about the effects of Shisha on health (Feng et al, 2007) A description of the Shisha is as follows: It consists of a vase filled with water, to wh ich a vertical metal pipe that has a clay pot on top is attached. The tobacco substances are placed and burned with charcoal in the clay pot. The smoke is then filtered through water and inhaled through the hose. (see appendix 1) Shisha is an ancient form of smoking tobacco. It was traditionally widely used in Africa and Asia (Chattopadhyay, 2000). It is increasingly evolving world wide, especially in Europe and America. The factors that are contributing to this dramatic spread of Shisha might be due to the global integration and the myth and perception of Shisha being less harmful. Contrary to this ancient traditional philosophy, Shisha contains numerous toxic substance and gases known to cause lung

Tuesday, January 28, 2020

Eutrophication Process Steps

Eutrophication Process Steps Eutrophication is world-wide environmental issue environmental problems that are related to high concentration nutrients. It is the process due to increment of algae productivity which affects adversely aquatic life and also human and animal health. It is mainly influenced by humankind activities that include agriculture and sewage effluent due to creating high amount of nutrients. The mechanism of eutrophication is briefly described in Figure 1. Large amount of nutrient input to the water body is the main effect and high level of phytoplankton biomass results that lead to algal bloom. Consumption of oxygen close the bottom of the water body is the result. The other effects of the process can be divided two categories that are related to: nutrient dispersion, phytoplankton growth Nitrogen and phosphorus are two main nutrients for aquatic life. In addition, A silica is also necessary for the diatoms. Nutrient concentration in the water body changes during eutrophication. The nutrient is the limiting factor, if it is not be available for algae develop. The sufficient factor to determine limiting factor is the ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus compounds in the water body is an important factor for control mechanism. (Table 1). Phosphorus is generally limiting factor for phytoplankton in fresh waters. For large marine areas frequently have nitrogen as the limiting nutrient, especially in summer. Intermediate areas such as river plumes are often phosphorus-limited during spring,but may turn to silica or nitrogen limitation in summer. The enrichment of water by nutrients can be of natural origin but it is often dramatically increased by human activities. This occurs almost everywhere in the world. There are three main sources of anthropic nutrient input: runoff, erosion and leaching from fertilized agricultural areas, and sewage from cities and industrial wastewater. Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen (from animal breeding and combustion gases) can also be important. According to the European Environment Agency, the main source of nitrogen pollutants is run-off from agricultural land, whereas most phosphorus pollution comes from households and industry, including phosphorus- based detergents. The rapid increase in industrial production and in in-house consumption during the 20th century has resulted in greater volumes of nutrient-rich wastewater. Although there has been recently a better management of nitrogen and phosphorus in agricultural practices, saturation of soils with phosphorus can be noted in some areas where spreading of excessive manure from animal husbandry occurs. Nutrient removal in sewage treatment plants and promotion of phosphorus-free detergents are vital to minimize the impact of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution on Europes water bodies7. Since 1980, nitrate concentrations in major EU  rivers have generally remained constant. There is no  evidence that reduced application of nitrogen fertilizers  to agricultural land has resulted in lower nitrate  concentrations in rivers. Indeed, concentrations in  some regions in Europe, such as Brittany, or Poitou in  France, and Catalunya in Spain, are still increasing. More detailed information on nitrates are to be found  in the companion pamphlet in this series nitrate and  health and in the E.C. report mentioned in (6). wastewater treatment and less phosphorus in household  detergents. Phosphorus release from industry  has also fallen sharply (Figure 3) whereas phosphorus  from agriculture, despite a reduction in the consumption  of phosphate fertilizers in the EU, remains an  important source of phosphorus pollution.   Unfortunately, due to the main role of nitrogen in the  eutrophication process in summer in the coastal zone,  the reduction in the discharge of phosphorus from  rivers into the sea has not been visible, except in very  specific sites. In most cases the phosphorus released  by the sediments into the open sea is sufficient to  allow eutrophication to occur, although external inputs have sharply decreased. In fact, only the Dutch coast  has benefited from the improvement of the water of  the Rhine, everywhere else the situation is stable or  has worsened. Some activities can lead to an increase in adverse  eutrophication and, although they are very specific,  they should be noted: Aquaculture development: Expansion of aquaculture  contributes to eutrophication by the discharge of  unused animal food and excreta of fish into the  water; The transportation of exotic species: Mainly via the  ballasts of big ships, toxic algae, cyanobacteria and  nuisance weeds can be carried from endemic areas  to uncontaminated ones. In these new environments  they may find a favourable habitat for their diffusion  and overgrowth, stimulated by nutrients availability; Reservoirs in arid lands: The construction of large  reservoirs to store and manage water has been  taking place all over the world. These dams are built  in order to allow the collection of drainage waters  through huge hydrographic basins. Erosion leads to  the enrichment of the waters of these reservoirs by  nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen Factors supporting the development  of eutrophication Besides nutrient inputs, the first condition supporting  eutrophication development is purely physical it is  the containment (time of renewal) of the water. The  containment of water can be physical, such as in a  lake or even in a slow river that works as a batch  (upstream waters do not mix with downstream  waters), or it can be dynamic.   The notion of dynamic containment is mostly relevant  for marine areas. Geological features such as the  shape of the bottom of the sea, the shape of the  shores, physical conditions such as streams, or large  turbulent areas, and tidal movements, allow some  large marine areas to be really contained, exhibiting  very little water renewal. This is known as dynamic  containment. In other cases, due to tidal effects, and/or streams,  some areas that would seem to be prone to containment  see their waters regularly renewed and are not  contained at all and are therefore very unlikely to  become eutrophic. Other physical factors influence eutrophication of  water bodies. Thermal stratification of stagnant water  bodies (such as lakes and reservoirs), temperature  and light influence the development of aquatic algae. Increased light and temperature conditions during  spring and summer explain why eutrophication is a  phenomenon that occurs mainly during these seasons. Eutrophication itself affects the penetration of  light through the water body because of the shadow  effect coming from the development of algae and  other living organisms and this reduces photosynthesis in deep water layers, and aquatic grass and  weeds bottom development. Main consequences  of eutrophication The major consequence of eutrophication concerns  the availability of oxygen. Plants, through photosynthesis,  produce oxygen in daylight. On the contrary, in  darkness all animals and plants, as well as aerobic  microorganisms and decomposing dead organisms,  respire and consume oxygen. These two competitive  processes are dependent on the development of the  biomass. In the case of severe biomass accumulation,  the process of oxidation of the organic matter that has  formed into sediment at the bottom of the water body  will consume all the available oxygen. Even the oxygen  contained in sulphates (SO4  2-) will be used by  some specific bacteria. This will lead to the release of  sulphur (S2-) that will immediately capture the free oxygen  still present in the upper layers. Thus, the water  body will loose all its oxygen and all life will disappear.  This is when the very specific smell of rotten eggs, originating  mainly from sulphur, will appe ar.   In parallel with these changes in oxygen concentration  other changes in the water environment occur: Changes in algal population: During eutrophication, macroalgae, phytoplankton (diatoms, dinoflagellates,  chlorophytes) and cyanobacteria, which  depend upon nutrients, light, temperature and water  movement, will experience excessive growth. From  a public health point of view, the fact that some of  these organisms can release toxins into the water or  be toxic themselves is important.   Changes in zooplankton, fish and shellfish population: Where eutrophication occurs, this part of the ecosystem is the first to demonstrate changes. Being most sensitive to oxygen availability, these species may die from oxygen limitation or from changes in the chemical composition of the water such as the excessive alkalinity that occurs during intense photosynthesis. Ammonia toxicity in fish for example is much higher in alkaline waters. Effects of eutrophication The effects of eutrophication on the environment may, have deleterious consequences for the health of exposed animal and human populations, through various pathways. Specific health risks appear when fresh water, extracted from eutrophic areas, is used for the production of drinking water. Severe impacts can also occur during animal watering in eutrophic waters. Macroalgae, phytoplankton and cyanobacteria blooms Algae display varying degrees of complexity depending on the organization of their cells. Macroalgae, phytoplankton and cyanobacteria may colonize marine, brackish or fresh waters wherever conditions of light, temperature and nutrients are favourable. Cyanobacteria have been largely studied in fresh water systems, due to their ability to proliferate, to  form massive surface scums, and to produce toxins that have been implicated in animal or human poisoning. Some species of algae may also contain toxins, but incidents where fresh water algae are at the origin  of cases of human or animal illness have very seldom been reported. Coloured toxic tides caused by algal overgrowth have been known to exist for many centuries. In fact the Bible (Exodus, 7: 20-24) states all the water of the Nile river became red as blood and fish which were in the river died. And the river was poisoned and the Egyptians could not drink its waters. Algal blooms were observed in 1638 by fishermen in north west of Iceland. Fjords were reported to be stained blood red and during the night produced a kind of phosphorescence. The fishermen thought that the colours could be due to the blood of fighting whales or to some marine insects or plants (Olafsson and Palmsson, 1772). The first scientific report of domestic animals dying from poisoning as a consequence of drinking water that was affected by a blue/green algae  bloom was in 1878 in lake Alexandrina, Australia. In coastal and estuarine systems, however, where  conditions are less favourable to the proliferation of  cyanobacteria, which need oligo-elements such as iron, toxic algae such as dinoflagellates have been observed and have been at the origin of health  troubles. There is growing evidence that nutrients,  especially nitrogen, favour the duration and frequency  of such toxic blooms, and concentrations of toxin in  the cells. Health effects linked to toxins of cyanobacteria in  fresh waters Some cyanobacteria have the capacity to produce  toxins dangerous to human beings. Toxins can be  found either free in the water where the bloom occurs  or bound to the algal or cyanobacterial cell. When the  cells are young (during the growth phase), 70 to 90%  of the toxins are cell bound, whereas when the cells Cyanobacteria have been largely studied in fresh  water systems, due to their ability to proliferate, to  form massive surface scums, and to produce toxins  that have been implicated in animal or human poisoning. Some species of algae may also contain toxins,  but incidents where fresh water algae are at the origin  of cases of human or animal illness have very seldom  been reported. Coloured toxic tides caused by algal overgrowth have been known to exist for many centuries. In fact the  Bible (Exodus, 7: 20-24) states all the water of the  Nile river became red as blood and fish which were in  the river died. And the river was poisoned and the  Egyptians could not drink its waters. Algal blooms were observed in 1638 by fishermen in  north west of Iceland. Fjords were reported to be stained  blood red and during the night produced a kind of  phosphorescence. The fishermen thought that the  colours could be due to the blood of fighting whales or  to some marine insects or plants (Olafsson and Palmsson,  1772). The first scientific report of domestic animals  dying from poisoning as a consequence of drinking  water that was affected by a blue/green algae  bloom was in 1878 in lake Alexandrina, Australia. In coastal and estuarine systems, however, where  conditions are less favourable to the proliferation of  cyanobacteria, which need oligo-elements such as  iron, toxic algae such as dinoflagellates have been  observed and have been at the origin of health  troubles. There is growing evidence that nutrients,  especially nitrogen, favour the duration and frequency  of such toxic blooms, and concentrations of toxin in  the cells. Health effects linked to toxins of cyanobacteria in  fresh waters Some cyanobacteria have the capacity to produce  toxins dangerous to human beings. Toxins can be  found either free in the water where the bloom occurs  or bound to the algal or cyanobacterial cell. When the  cells are young (during the growth phase), 70 to 90%  of the toxins are cell bound, whereas when the cells fresh waters. People may be exposed to toxins  through the consumption of contaminated drinking  water, direct contact with fresh water or the inhalation  of aerosols. Toxins induce damage in animals and  humans by acting at the molecular level and consequently  affecting cells, tissues and organs (Table 3). The nervous, digestive, respiratory and cutaneous  systems may be affected. Secondary effects can be  observed in numerous organs. Age or physiological  conditions of the affected individual may determine the  severity of the symptoms. A variety of symptoms,  depending on the toxins implicated, are observed  such as fatigue, headache, diarrhoea, vomiting, sore  throat, fever and skin irritations. Cyanotoxins can be classified into three groups: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Hepatotoxins. These are the most frequently observed cyanotoxins.  Experiments using mice indicate that they cause liver  injury and can lead to death from liver haemorrhage  and cardiac failure within a few hours of exposure at  acute doses. Chronic exposure induces liver injury  and promotes the growth of tumours. Questions remain concerning the effects of repeated  exposures to low levels of toxins. Animal experiments  have shown liver injury from repeated oral exposure to  microcystins, the most frequently observed cyanotoxins. It is thought that the high prevalence13 of liver  cancer observed in some areas of China could be due  to the presence of microcystins in water supplies. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Neurotoxins. These are generally less common and act on the nervous  system. In mice and aquatic birds, they cause  rapid death by respiratory arrest, sometimes occurring  in a few minutes. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Dermatotoxins. These induce irritant and allergenic responses in tissues  by simple contact. The global toxicity of a cyanobacterial proliferation is  not constant in time or space, making it difficult to  assess the health threat although some acute poisonings  have led to death (Tables 3 and 4). The release of cyanotoxins in water has been at the  origin of several outbreaks affecting animal or human  health (Case studies p. f12). About 75% of cyanobacterial  blooms are accompanied by toxin production. The presence of cyanobacterial toxins after potabilization  treatment represents a health threat for patients  undergoing renal dialysis treatment. Monitoring of eutrophication   Monitoring is useful if it is performed for a purpose. The main reasons for monitoring a water body for  eutrophication are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To prevent the occurence of eutrophication; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Early warning purposes. Public health authorities  need to know when eutrophication is likely to start in  order to allow them to implement preventive actions; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To know the level of development of the process, and have a precise picture of the quality of the water. This is mostly relevant for water companies, which  have to deal with eutrophic waters; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Research. The reality is that monitoring systems are often multipurpose. Monitoring and management  of cyanobacterial growth in fresh waters  for public health purposes Chorus and Bartram (1999) have proposed the following  monitoring and management scheme to water  treatment plant operators and managers as an alert  level framework. It provides a graduated response to  the onset and progress of a cyanobacteria bloom. This tool initially comes from Australia. Three response  levels are defined: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Vigilance Level is defined by the detection of one colony, or five filaments, of a cyanobacterium in a 1 ml  water sample. When the Vigilance Level is exceeded,  it is recommended that the affected water body is  sampled more frequently at least once a week, so  that potentially rapid changes in cyanobacteria biomass  can be monitored. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Alert Level 1 is initiated when 2,000 cyanobacterial  cells per ml or 0.2 mm3/l biovolume23 or 1 ÃŽÂ ¼g/l chlorophyll- a24 are detected. Alert Level 1 condition  requires an assessment to be made of the total toxin  concentration in the raw water. A consultation should  be held with the health authorities for on-going  assessment of the status of the bloom and of the suitability  of treated water for human consumption. Monitoring  should be conducted at least once per week. It may also be appropriate at this time to issue advisory notices to the public through the media or other means. Government departments or interested authorities or those with legal responsibilities should also be contacted, as should organizations that treat or care for members of the public with special needs. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Alert Level 2 is initiated when 100,000 cells per ml or 10-mm3/l biovolume or 50 ÃŽÂ ¼g/l chlorophyll-a are detected, with the presence of toxins confirmed by chemical or bioassay techniques. This density of cells corresponds to an established, toxic bloom with high biomass and possibly also localized scums. In this situation there is a need for effective water treatment systems and an assessment of the performance of the system. Hydro-physical measures to reduce cyanobacteria growth may still be attempted. If efficient water treatments are not available (see technical annex), a contingency water supply plan should be activated. In extreme situations, safe drinking water should be supplied to consumers in tanks and bottles. Media releases and contact with consumers should be undertaken via mail of leaflets informing that water may present danger for human consumption but is still suitable for the purposes of washing, laundry and toilet flushing. National water quality monitoring programs Few national water quality monitoring programmes include parameters which indicate eutrophication or a risk of algal or cyanobacterial overgrowth. In Europe, North America, Japan and Australia, local monitoring plans which check the occurrence of toxic species in areas where shellfish or fish are consumed, are implemented. This is based on sampling at strategic points and analysis of phytoplankton and/or shellfish. The frequency of sampling generally depends on the sea- son. Table 6 summarizes the monitoring systems in some EU Member States. They only allow the monitoring of toxic blooms, which are only a part of the eutrophication consequences. Technologies such as satellite imaging can be used to monitor large water bodies. The same technique can be applied to monitor the extent of high chlorophyll-a concentrations reflecting the phytoplankton biomass of the upper layers of the eutrophic area. Possible parameters used for monitoring purposes According to the definition of eutrophication, it is clear that formulae such as an increase of x grams of bottom macrophytes per square meter or y micrograms chlorophyll-a per litre are not suitable to define a threshold, which, when exceeded, will describe eutrophication. Such unique parameter does not exist. Moreover, in order to define the magnitude of eutrophication, two measurements are required: That of the system in its reference conditions, and in its current or predicted future condition. As baseline data for a site is the exception rather than the rule, this makes it difficult to test eutrophication using a case-by-case approach. Nevertheless, as the first signs of adverse eutrophication is a decrease in the oxygen concentration in the lower layers of the water body of stagnant waters, and an increase in pH due to photosynthesis (CO2 depletion), these parameters, together with direct microscopic observations, are likely to be the only ones that can help forecast the likelihood of the start of such a process as long as a model integrating physical conditions, nutrient inputs and biological effects has not been locally validated. Prevention25,26 The causes that drive eutrophication are multiple and the mechanisms involved are complex. Several elements should be considered in order to assess the possible actions aimed at counteracting nutrient enrichment of water supplies. The use of computerised models now allows a better understanding of the role of each factor, and forecasting the efficiency of various curative and preventive measures. The best way to avoid eutrophication is to try to disrupt those mechanisms that are under human control; this clearly means to reduce the input of nutrients into the water basins. Such a control unfortunately does not have a linear effect on the eutrophication intensity. Integrated management should comprise: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Identification of all nutrient sources. Such information can be acquired by studies of the catchment area of the water supply. Knowledge of industrial activities, discharge practices and localization, as well as agricultural practices (fertilizer contribution/plant use and localization of crops) is necessary in order to plan and implement actions aiming at limiting the nutrient enrichment of water. The identification of sewage discharge points, agricultural practices, the nature of the soil, the vegetation, and the interaction between the soil and the water can be of great help in knowing which areas should be targeted. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Knowledge of the hydrodynamics of the water body, particularly the way nutrients are transported, and of the vulnerability of the aquifer, will allow determination of the ways by which the water is enriched with nutrients. Anthropogenic nutrient point sources such as nontreated industrial and domestic wastewater discharge can be minimized by systematic use of wastewater treatments. In sensitive aeras, industries and local authorities should control the level of nutrients in the treated wastewater by the use of specific denitrification or phosphorus removal treatments. Diffuse anthropogenic nutrient sources can be controlled by soil conservation techniques and fertilizer restrictions. Knowledge of the agronomic balance (ratio of fertilizer contribution to plant use) is very relevant to optimize the fertilization practice and to limit the loss of nutrients. Diffuse nutrient losses will be reduced by implementation at farm level of good practices such as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fertilization balance, for nitrogen and phosphorus, e.g. adequation of nutrients supply to the needs of the crop with reasonable expected yields, taking into account soil and atmospheric N supply. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Regular soil nutrients analysis, fertilization plans and registers at plot level. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Sufficient manure storage capacities, for spreading of manure at appropriate periods. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Green cover of soils during winter, use of catchcrops in crop rotations. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Unfertilized grass buffer strips (or broad hedges) along watercourses and ditches. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Promotion of permanent grassland, rather than temporary forage crops. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Prevention of erosion of sloping soils. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Precise irrigation management (e.g. drip irrigation, fertilisation, soil moisture control). In coastal areas, improvement in the dispersion of nutrients, either through the multiplication of discharge points or through the changing of their localization, can help to avoid localized high levels of nutrients. Reuse and recycling, in aquaculture and agriculture, of waters rich in nutrients can be optimized in order to avoid discharge into the water body and direct consumption of the nutrients by the local flora and fauna. Water resources are environmental assets and therefore have a price. There are market-based methods to estimate costs and benefits, and these make it possible to use cost- benefit analysis as a useful tool to assess the economic effects of abatement of eutrophication or other pollution problems. Benefits range from higher quality drinking water and reduced health risks (Photo 29) to improved recreational uses (Photo 30). The effects on human health from the lack of sanitation and the chronic effects of toxic algal blooms are two of the many indirect effects resulting from eutrophication. Numerous cost-benefit analyses of pollution abatement have clearly demonstrated that the total costs to society of no pollution reduction is much higher than at least a reasonable pollution reduction. Consequently, it is necessary to examine the prevention of pollution and restoration of water quality in lakes and reservoirs from an economic standpoint. The result of such examinations should be appli ed to assess effluent charges and green taxes. International experience shows that these economic instruments are reasonably effective in improving water quality and solving related water pollution problems. Thus, effective planning and management of lakes and reservoirs depends not only on a sound understanding of these water-bodies as ecological systems but also of their value to people as recreational areas and water resources. In the past, several management strategies were developed and applied to solve problems of decreasing surface and groundwater quality. These were often a response to acute critical situations resulting in increased costs of water. The demand for good quality fresh water was only solved partially and locally; this was because too few resources were allocated too late to solve the problems. Early prevention is by far the cheapest method to avoid later pollution. Eutrophication Management Recognizing that the specific needs of policy-makers and administrators are usually different from those of the strictly technical audience, the primary purpose of this digest is to provide quantitative tools for assessing the state of eutrophication of lakes and reservoirs; to provide a framework for developing cost-effective eutrophication management strategies; to provide a basis upon which strategies can be tailored for each specific case according to the physical, social, institutional, regulatory and economic characteristics of the local area or region; and to provide specific technical guidance and case studies regarding the effective management of eutrophication. The approach presented in this document (Figure 1) also is sufficiently general that it can be applied, with relative little modification, to the assessment of other environmental problems and to the development of effective management strategies for such problems. An approach for achieving the basic objectives stated above consists of the following components, applied approximately in the order presented: identify eutrophication problem and establish management goals; assess the extent of information available about the lake/reservoir; identify available options for management of eutrophication; analyze all costs and expected benefits of alternative management/control options; analyze adequacy of existing institutional and regulatory framework for implementing alternative management strategies; select desired control strategy and distribute summary to interested parties prior to implementation; and provide periodic progress reports on control programme to public and other interested parties. designation of bad (unacceptable) versus good (acceptable) water quality in this digest is based on the specific intended use or uses of the water resource. That is, water quality management goals for a lake or reservoir should be a function of the major purpose(s) for which the water is to be used. Obviously, there are water quality conditions to be avoided because of their interference with water uses. Ideally, for example, a lake or reservoir used as a drinking water supply should have water quality as close to an oligotrophy state as possible, since this would insure that only a minimum amount of pre-treatment would be necessary to yield a water suitable for human consumption. For such a waterbody, the content of phytoplankton (and their metabolic products) in the water should be as low as possible to facilitate this goal. Further, if the water is taken from the bottom waters of a lake during the summer (usually the period of maximum algal growth), it should be free of interferring substances resulting from decomposition of dead algal cells. Eutrophic lakes and reservoirs also could be used as a drinking water supply. However, extensive pre-treatment would be necessary before the water was suitable for human consumption. Some water uses may require no treatment at all, regardless of the existing water quality. Examples are fire-fighting purposes and the transport of commercial goods by ship. Further, in areas with extremely limited water resources, virtually all of the water may be used for various purposes (with or without treatment), regardless of its quality. Therefore, although humans can use water exhibiting a range of water quality, there is a desirable or optimal water quality for virtually any type of water usage. Though it is not quantitative in nature, a summary of intended water uses and the optimal versus minimally-acceptable trophic state for such uses is provided in Table 3. In addition, an example of the values of several commonly measured water quality parameters corresponding to different trophic conditions, based on the international eutrophication study of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (1982), is provided in Table 4. Thus, it is possible to identify acce ptable or optimal water quality for given water uses. Given these factors, a prudent approach in setting eutrophication management goals is to determine the minimum water quality and trophic conditions acceptable for the primary use or uses of the lake or reservoir (Table 1), and attempt to manage the water body so that these conditions are achieved. In a given situation, if the primary use or uses of a waterbody is hindered by existing water quality, or else requires water quality or trophic conditions not being met in the waterbody, this signals the need for remedial or control programmes to achieve the necessary in-lake conditions. 21 the problem? The governmental role It is recognized that a range of different forms of government, as well as economic conditions, exist around the world. Consequently it is difficult to provide general guidelines regarding the role of the government in environmental protection efforts that will cover all possible situations. However, virtually all nations also contain some type of civil service infrastructure which, if properly used, can be an effective instrument with which to address governmental concerns. Even so, as noted earlier, not all

Monday, January 20, 2020

Prince William :: essays research papers

Prince William tries to live a normal life, but being royalty makes it just too hard (Morton, Diana: Her True Story, 79). "He is the most fascinating person of 1997," says Walters (Unknown, Facts on Prince William, 1). Prince William lives an active life where he deals with disappointments of the past, but family members help him deal with the future. In Paddington, London William was born at St. Mary's Hospital (Gilmer, The Royal Archive, 1). Prince William Arthur Phillip Louis Mountbatten Windsor (Prince William) was born on the twenty-first of June in 1982 at approximately 9:03 PM (1). When the young boy first arrived, Queen Elizabeth II said at the hospital, "Thank goodness he hasn't ears like his father" (Morton, Diana Her True Story, 79). The birth of this child was glorious for he would one day rule Whales. The title of this prince would be known as either King William 5th of the House of the Windsor or King William 5th of the House of Spencer (Holdon, "Will William ever be King" Newsweek 47). This Prince averaging 6'2", weighing 140-145 pounds, with sandy blonde hair and hazel eyes is everything a girl could dream (Gilmer 1). Of the many hobbies and sports the Prince loves to do, he mostly enjoys shooting, skiing, rafting, rowing on the Thanes River, and swimming (Gilmer 2). Another hobby of William's is painting (2). Many people say he is really good at it (2). Also, in his free time he watches as much TV as possible so that he can stay informed of the world around him (2). This young love is a Cancer although his Birthday is borderline between Gemini and Cancer, but the sun moved into cancer at 5:23 PM United Kingdom Time. Therefore, Since he was born at 9:03 PM that makes him a cancer (Unknown 2, Prince William Fact sheet 2). There are many foods and drinks that William has taken a like to such as pasta, hamburgers, chocolate, venison, fruit salads, poached eggs from hens on his fathers estate, coke, and red wine (Gilmer 2). His Uncle Earl Spencer says that his characters are very different from the public image (Morton 149). "The press have always written up William is the terror and Harry as the rather quiet second son (149). He also has a black Labrador retriever named Widgeon (Unknown 1). Oh and also girls this man is able to marry anyone he chooses as long as his loving grandma approves of her first (Gilmer 2). Not only do you have to go through his grandmother, but also they hold all his mail back so that he